Thai police made two arrests as Interpol’s 97-country sweep logged 5,811 arrests and $293 million in intercepted assets.
A 20-year-old’s cryptocurrency wallet processed more than $122.5 million in suspected romance-scam proceeds over 10 months, Interpol said, after Thai police made two arrests tied to a cross-chain laundering scheme uncovered during a global crackdown.
The case surfaced from Operation First Light 2026, a sweep coordinated by Interpol that led to 5,811 arrests and the interception of $293 million in illicit assets across 97 countries and territories, the organization said in a statement posted to its official X account Thursday. The operation identified more than 142,000 victims worldwide, blocked 31,014 bank accounts, analyzed 152,808 cases and issued 99 Interpol Notices and Diffusions, using its Global Rapid Intervention of Payments mechanism to freeze both fiat and virtual assets.
Cross-Chain Laundering
The Thai case involved operators who funneled scam proceeds into a mix of cryptocurrencies and used cross-chain token swaps, shifting funds between blockchains to obscure the trail, according to Interpol’s report. The 20-year-old suspect’s wallet moved the $122.5 million over 10 months, one of the standout cases from the four-month operation, which ran from mid-January through the end of April.
“Criminal syndicates exploit human psychology to manipulate their targets,” Tomonobu Kaya, who heads Interpol’s financial crime and anti-corruption center, said, adding that no country can stay safe unless all push back together. Romance scams, often called “pig butchering,” typically build trust over weeks before steering victims into fake crypto investments.
The bust adds to a string of recent crypto-linked fraud crackdowns, including $580 million seized from Chinese networks in February and a 24-person fraud sweep in Argentina in May.
To be sure, Interpol has not named the Thai suspects or specified which blockchains the cross-chain swaps ran through, and the full case details remain undisclosed pending prosecution. The organization did not break out how much of the $293 million total was cryptocurrency versus fiat.
Russia’s largest private bank, Alfa-Bank, is reportedly preparing to offer cryptocurrency services as the country continues developing a legal framework for the digital asset market.
Dmitry Vitman, chief operating officer of Alfa-Bank’s corporate and investment banking division, said the bank plans to roll out a suite of crypto servicesonce the relevant digital asset legislation takes effect, Russian publication RBC reported on Wednesday.
The announcement comes as Russia’s largest banks prepare for a regulated crypto market, with Sber, VTB and T-Bank also outlining crypto plans amid progress on the country’s digital asset legislation.
Alfa-Bank begins testing cryptocurrency trading service
According to a separate RBC report, Alfa-Bank has started testing cryptocurrency trading through its Alfa-Investments brokerage app with a limited group of qualified investors.
The test version reportedly included several major cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Ether, Solana, Litecoin, Tether USDt, USDC and Zcash.
The bank said broader access for retail clients could follow after Russia adopts the necessary regulatory framework, with a possible launch targeted for the fourth quarter of 2026.
Cointelegraph contacted Alfa-Bank for comment on the tests but did not receive a response at the time of publication.
Digital asset custodians central to Russia’s crypto framework
As part of its crypto plans, Alfa-Bank said it will first establish its own “digital depository,” a service similar to a digital asset custodian that stores and manages crypto assets.
Vitman said Alfa-Bank plans to create the custodian not only to support its own crypto services but also to provide the services to other companies.
Related: ESMA turns spotlight on crypto custody risks after MiCA transition
The term “digital depository” is a key part of Russia’s proposed crypto legislation, which introduces digital custodians as a new category of regulated market participants.
One of the related bills, “On Digital Currency and Digital Rights,” passed its first reading in the State Duma in April 2026 and is designed to establish rules for crypto operations under Bank of Russia oversight.
Source: Cointelegraph
Anatoly Aksakov, chairman of the State Duma’s Financial Market Committee, said on Wednesday that a package of cryptocurrency bills was ready for its second reading after the committee approved amendments.
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The crypto industry has spent years convincing Washington that it deserves a seat at the table. Now, as Congress inches toward passing the CLARITY Act, a long-awaited crypto market structure bill, it seems it finally has one.
The question is no longer whether lawmakers are listening to digital asset advocates, but whether the crypto lobby’s deep pockets and influence in election campaigns will be enough to get the legislation over the line.
That debate comes as Senate negotiators work toward a potential floor vote before Congress breaks for its August recess.
In a June 25 thread on X, Kristin Smith, president of the Solana Policy Institute and former chief executive of the Blockchain Association, argued that crypto’s advocacy operation is “the strongest and most sophisticated it has ever been.”
She pointed to bipartisan negotiations, daily meetings with lawmakers, and what she described as “a political operation supporting champions that’s winning in an overwhelming fashion” to illustrate her point.
Kristin Smith
Source: Kristin Smith
According to a report from consumer advocacy organization Public Citizen, that “political operation” has spent $189 million so far to influence the 2026 midterm elections. Crypto’s opponents see the war chest as an illegitimate attempt to buy influence and votes, while the industry argues it’s a much-needed corrective to the anti-crypto forces that have dominated politics since 2022.
Colin McLaren, the Solana Policy Institute’s head of government relations, told Cointelegraph the industry’s political infrastructure did not emerge overnight.
“Fairshake, Cedar Innovation Foundation, Stand With Crypto, and the Blockchain Association built the political infrastructure that’s moving pro-crypto legislation forward,” he said.
“These groups, alongside the advocacy of companies and projects, created and supported allies in Congress, giving them the resources and cover to legislate and lead without fear of electoral reprisal from the anti-crypto army.”
The tide begins to turn on CLARITY
There are signs that momentum to pass the CLARITY Act is building.
On July 3, the Major County Sheriffs of America (MCSA), a national association representing elected sheriffs from some of the largest counties in the US, announced that it had shifted from opposing the CLARITY Act to a neutral position following discussions over Section 604, also known as the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act. As Coinbase chief executive Brian Armstrong commented on X, that development is “huge.”
Earlier that same day, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE) became the first major law enforcement body to endorse the bill.
But the BRCA, which includes protections for developers decentralized smart contracts, remains a sticking point. Four other attorneys and law enforcement groups representing 70,000 members between them, warned the Acting U.S. Attorney General in late June that the bill’s “broad exemptions could create gaps in oversight and accountability that sophisticated criminal actors may exploit.”
So the race is far from won.
MCSA letter to Senate Banking Leaders. Source: Eleanor Terrett
Related: Senate leaders push for July passage of CLARITY Act
How is the crypto lobby campaigning?
Smith’s comments spotlight how closely the industry’s political organization has become intertwined with its legislative ambitions. No organization better exemplifies that shift than Fairshake, the crypto-backed political action committee (PAC), funded by companies like Coinbase, Ripple and Andreessen Horowitz.
A PAC is an organization that raises and spends money to support or oppose political candidates and causes, and can pool contributions from multiple donors to fund campaign advertising and other political activity, subject to federal election rules.
Political Action Committees (PACs). Source: Federal Election Commission
Throughout the 2026 US congressional primary election cycle, Fairshake and affiliated PACs have spent tens of millions of dollars supporting candidates in various races who are viewed as favorable to digital assets while opposing others seen as hostile to the sector.
In May, affiliated PACs spent more than $20 million supporting candidates in Republican congressional primaries across Georgia, Alabama and Kentucky, including more than $7 million backing Rep. Andy Barr in Kentucky’s Senate primary.
The group later expanded its efforts into Democratic contests, spending millions of dollars in Maryland and New York. Several crypto-backed candidates advanced in these states, further reinforcing Fairshake’s reputation as the industry’s most influential political organization.
McLaren argued that the crypto’s lobby’s willingness to back candidates in competitive races is making a difference.“Adrian Boafo was polling behind the field in Maryland before the crypto industry’s ads ran. He won,” he said.
“In Houston, the industry backed Christian Menefee, a young upstart challenging a sitting incumbent. He won. The industry supports its champions, even when that means taking risks.”
Related: Democrat backed by Ripple co-founder’s PAC wins Colorado primary
Fairshake spokesperson Geoff Vetter told Cointelegraph that election victories are only one measure of success.
“Our goal is to increase the number of members who understand and are willing to act on these issues in good faith,” Vetter told Cointelegraph.
“The difference we make will be creating the largest crypto-literate caucus in history, ready to act on responsible regulation.”
But is Fairshake’s influence overstated?
But how much of Fairshake’s influence stems from election outcomes themselves rather than simply the perception that it can shape them?
In a June 30 analysis published by Brogan Law, journalist Veronica Irwin examined Fairshake’s involvement in 40 decided races during the current election cycle, comparing Federal Election Commission filings with polling data and election results.
While Fairshake-backed candidates won in 38 of those contests, Irwin’s analysis found that many of those races already leaned heavily toward the eventual winner before the PAC entered the picture.
Based on her methodology, only 16 races appeared to be genuinely competitive enough for Fairshake’s spending to have plausibly adjusted the outcome.
How much difference does crypto money really make in elections? Source: Brogan Law
That’s still a considerable impact, and Irwin said her goal was never to argue that Fairshake lacked influence, but to show that its strategy is more sophisticated than many observers assume.
“I was reading a lot of stories that were basically just the press release,” she told Cointelegraph. “That top-line narrative implies they are just buying up all of the elections outright and having these huge, huge wins. That kind of betrays the more complex strategy underlying it.”
Rather than simply trying to swing every race, Irwin said Fairshake has the financial resources to “spray” campaign spending across a much wider range of contests than most PACs could afford.
“They’re in this position where they have so much money that they can pursue these costly strategies,” she said.
Her analysis raises the nuanced possibility that the organization’s greatest political strength may lie not in deciding elections outright, but in cultivating the belief that it can.
Beyond campaign spending
Campaign spending alone does not always move legislation through Congress. The CLARITY Act’s progress also reflects months of negotiations involving lawmakers, industry groups and outside stakeholders.
The MCSA’s shift to a neutral position shows that legislation still depends on coalition-building and compromise, particularly when addressing concerns around financial crime, consumer protection and law enforcement.
“It is a combination of factors,” Ron Tarter, founder of self-custodial, multi-currency cryptocurrency wallet RockWallet and a former attorney, told Cointelegraph. “Adoption is the foundation… Lobbying translates that adoption into direct policy engagement… and campaign spending is the accelerant.”
Irwin also argued that crypto’s political influence comes from more than campaign spending alone. “Crypto occupies this space where it matters a lot to you and me, but to the average voter it isn’t a top-five issue,” she told Cointelegraph.
“That’s the sweet spot where lobbying and election influence can really flex their muscles… It’s pretty easy for a politician to switch to a more pro-crypto perspective without a lot of downside,” she said.
“It’s this one-two punch between lobbying being really effective and the potential to raise a bunch of money if you side with crypto.”
McLaren argued that campaign spending succeeded because it was built on a broader political strategy rather than replacing one.
“Crypto didn’t come to Washington because it wanted to,” he said.
“The industry played defense for years, then decided to meet the threat at the ballot box and build the apparatus to advocate for the clarity needed.”
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Privy pairs Stripe’s Crypto Onramp for the US and EU with its own aggregator covering more than 100 other countries, all funneling into a single wallet.
Privy, the crypto wallet infrastructure provider Stripe acquired in 2025, launched global fiat onramps that let developers add card-based crypto purchases to their apps in a single integration, the company said in a post on its official X account Tuesday.
In the US and EU, Stripe’s own Crypto Onramp product handles payment processing, card, Apple Pay, Google Pay and ACH transactions, identity verification and compliance, according to Privy’s announcement. Outside those two regions, Privy’s own aggregator routes users through “the best available provider” across more than 100 additional countries, with funds landing in the same destination wallet regardless of which rail processed the purchase.
Stripe corroborated the integration on its own account, saying Privy uses Stripe Crypto Onramp “to handle payments, KYC, and compliance in the US and EU, letting your users go from signup to funded wallet without leaving your app.” Stripe’s Crypto Onramp product uses its Link network for what Privy described as minimal identity verification, rather than requiring a separate KYC flow inside the host app.
Building On the Acquisition
The launch is the first major product rollout to surface publicly since Stripe acquired Privy last year, folding the wallet-as-a-service provider into its payments stack. Privy CEO Henri Stern had previously described wallets as a path toward treating crypto accounts like global financial accounts in an interview with The Defiant in January.
The onramp gives app developers built on Privy a single API to onboard users from card payment to a funded wallet across most of the world, rather than integrating separate regional payment providers.
The bank placed USD-denominated notes issued directly on a blockchain, with Marketnode acting as tokenization agent and digital paying agent.
HSBC has completed what it describes as its first issuance of a digitally native structured product, a private placement of USD-denominated notes in Hong Kong, the bank said in a July 10 release.
The notes were issued directly on a blockchain rather than digitized after issuance. Marketnode, an Asia-Pacific digital market infrastructure operator backed by Euroclear, HSBC, SGX Group and Temasek, acted as the tokenization agent and as the digital paying agent managing payment flows between issuer and investor.
HSBC did not disclose the size of the issuance, the reference asset, the tenor of the notes, the number or identity of investors, or the blockchain used.
What Was Issued
The transaction was a private placement of structured notes, a class of products whose returns are linked to the performance of an underlying asset. HSBC framed the deal as a pilot intended to show how tokenization can affect issuance, settlement and ongoing servicing across a product’s lifecycle.
“Building on HSBC’s work in digital assets and innovation, this issuance demonstrates how we’re working with market participants to develop practical, scalable solutions for institutional-grade digital finance,” said Suvir Loomba, Regional Head of Securities Services, Asia, at HSBC and a Marketnode board member. “Tokenisation can help make markets more efficient and accessible by streamlining key steps across product lifecycles — from issuance and settlement, through to ongoing administration and servicing.”
Patrick Boumalham, Head of Institutional Sales, Asia, at HSBC, said structured products are “an important part of investment solutions for institutional and wealth clients across Asia, where demand continues to grow,” and pointed to “clear potential for tokenisation to improve the efficiency of issuance, settlement and servicing.”
Building on Earlier Work
The issuance extends a multi-year push by HSBC into tokenized and digitally native instruments, much of it centered on Hong Kong. The bank operates HSBC Orion, a tokenization platform used for digitally native bond issuance, and has launched a retail gold token in Hong Kong.
HSBC’s collaboration with Marketnode on structured notes also predates this deal. The two firms, together with UOB, contributed a case study on digitally native issuance of structured notes as part of the Monetary Authority of Singapore’s Project Guardian.
Rehan Ahmed, CEO of Marketnode, said the deal “marks a meaningful step towards enabling investors to manage more of their portfolios on-chain, pairing broader access with efficiency gains.”
HSBC positioned the transaction as a pilot but did not say whether it plans repeat or commercial issuance, or on what timeline. It also did not detail the regulatory framework for the deal, whether settlement occurred on a delivery-versus-payment basis, whether the cash leg was tokenized, or whether the token constitutes the legal record of ownership. The Defiant has contacted HSBC for further detail.
This was quickly fixed and disclosed as ‘CVE-2026-34219′ with credit to the team. The broader concern, however, was separating the agents’ real bugs from the ones that were confidently masquerading as such.
“The surprise was how little of the work went into finding them, and how much went into telling the real bugs from the ones that just looked real,” wrote Nikos Baxevanis, who authored the post.
The difficulty started with what an agent produces. A fuzzer, the standard tool that hurls malformed data at software until something breaks, returned a crash and a record of where it happened, which an engineer can confirm in minutes.
An agent, however, returns a created narrative. It traces how the flaw could be reached, argues why it matters, proposes a severity rating and supplies working code that demonstrates the attack. All of it arrives in fluent prose, reading the same whether the bug is real or invented.
Three kinds of false positive kept recurring, according to the Foundation.
The first was a crash that only occurs in a test build, where the compiler switches on safety checks that the shipped software does not carry, so nothing breaks for real users.
The second was an attack that only works if the dangerous value is planted inside the program by hand, because every route an outsider could take to deliver it rejects the value first. The third came from formal verification, the practice of proving mathematically that code behaves correctly, where a proof passed by demonstrating something trivially true and told the reviewers nothing about the software.
Despite these headwinds Lopez says regulatory clarity is no longer the primary obstacle for companies considering public listings.
“That’s less relevant than before. Companies went public before there was regulatory clarity,” he said. “For companies like Bullish, Circle or BitGo, it’s more about access to capital than regulation.”
Kraken’s reported plans to pursue a public listing illustrate how crypto firms are adapting, Lopez says. The exchange has sought to diversify beyond crypto trading, a strategy he believes better positions companies for public markets.
“The right thing to do is become more diversified rather than being just a crypto trading business,” he says.
Institutional adoption
Despite near-term weakness in crypto funding markets, Lopez says blockchain technology continues to gain traction across traditional finance. Major financial institutions, including Morgan Stanley (MS), Nasdaq (NDAQ) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), are building blockchain-based infrastructure and preparing for tokenized settlement.
The industry is moving toward near-instant settlement, shifting from T+1 to T+0, while initiatives such as the OpenUSD network are bringing together more than 140 financial institutions and payments companies around stablecoin infrastructure, he says.
Lopez expects the long-term winners to be blockchain infrastructure providers rather than businesses built solely around individual cryptocurrencies.
“A lot of crypto companies trying to raise capital in the private markets are finding it difficult because of their singular focus on one product offering,” he says.
Bonzo Lend, a decentralized lending protocol on the Hedera network, suffered an estimated $9.05 million loss after an attacker exploited a verification flaw in a third-party Supra oracle contract, allowing them to borrow assets far exceeding the value of their collateral.
The attacker deposited 250 SAUCE tokens with little value, before submitting a manipulated price update that inflated the token’s HBAR-denominated value, according to a preliminary incident report from Bonzo.
The protocol said the account subsequently borrowed 6.63 million USDC and 34.52 million wrapped HBAR. At the report’s reference HBAR price of $0.06998, the two withdrawals were worth approximately $9.05 million.
A second wallet, the report adds, borrowed roughly $1 million of additional assets while the abnormal price remained active. The wallet later contacted Bonzo through Discord, identified itself as a white-hat responder to the incident and said it intended to return the funds.
Bonzo excluded those assets from its headline loss estimate, placing total principal borrowed during the incident at approximately $10.06 million before recovery.
Hedera, according to DeFLlama data, now has $25.7 million in total value locked (TVL). The figure dropped nearly 40% in the last 24 hours after the exploit. With Bonzo’s TVL
The stablecoin issuer received a charter for First National Digital Currency Bank, allowing it to custody digital assets and, eventually, hold USDC reserves under direct federal supervision. Shares rose more than 10%.
Circle Internet Group (NYSE: CRCL) said on July 10 that it received final approval from the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to establish a national trust bank, a step that brings the infrastructure behind USDC under direct federal banking supervision.
The new entity, chartered as First National Digital Currency Bank, N.A. and operating under the name Circle National Trust, will provide custody services for digital assets. According to the business plan approved by the OCC, the bank is also designed to eventually manage the reserves backing USDC, the second-largest stablecoin by market capitalization.
“OCC approval to establish Circle National Trust marks a defining step in bringing blockchain technology and digital assets into the core of the U.S. financial system,” Circle Co-Founder, Chairman and CEO Jeremy Allaire said in a statement. “Federal oversight of our trust bank sets a new standard for transparency, governance, and scale for Circle’s infrastructure.”
The trust bank charter arrives as more traditional financial institutions integrate USDC. BNY, the world’s largest custodian bank, recently added USDC to its institutional digital asset custody platform.
In his post, Allaire framed the approval as part of building “a new fundamental money layer for the internet” spanning use cases from AI agents transacting with one another to wholesale transfers between large financial institutions. “We are thrilled to be the first of a new cohort of firms establishing this kind of banking infrastructure,” he wrote.
What the Charter Allows
Upon opening, Circle National Trust will offer fiduciary digital asset custody services for Circle and its affiliates, according to the press release. The OCC-approved business plan states that, “depending on demand, FNDCB may eventually offer its digital asset custody service to a limited number of institutional customers directly, focusing on banks and other financial institutions, such as regulated derivatives organizations.”
The charter is also structured to enable future management of the USDC reserve. Circle described reserve management as a “planned” future capability rather than a service available at launch. The cash and short-term U.S. Treasuries backing USDC are currently held with third-party banking partners; the charter would allow Circle to bring those reserves under its own federally regulated custody over time.
The approval places Circle National Trust under direct oversight by the OCC, the primary regulator for national banks and national trust banks.
A Multi-Year Regulatory Path
Circle submitted its application to the OCC on June 30, 2025, and received conditional approval in December 2025, according to the company. The Defiant reported on the initial filing when Circle applied for the trust bank license last year.
The charter follows the passage of the GENIUS Act, the federal stablecoin law that establishes a framework for payment stablecoin issuers. The OCC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to implement the statute in February 2026, and the law’s requirements take effect on Jan. 18, 2027. In his post on X, Allaire wrote that as the GENIUS Act “approaches full implementation in early 2027,” Circle is positioned “to bring critical components of USDC’s operation and reserves into this structure.”
Circle is not the only crypto firm pursuing a national trust charter. The OCC has issued conditional approvals to Ripple, Coinbase, Paxos, BitGo, Fidelity and Crypto.com, among others. The GENIUS Act has yet to take full effect, and The Defiant has reported that some firms have described themselves as “regulated” or “compliant” under a law that is not yet operative.
Market Reaction
CRCL shares climbed in early trading on July 10 following the announcement, according to market data for the stock on the New York Stock Exchange.
USDC had a circulating supply of roughly $73 billion as of July 9, according to CoinGecko, ranking it the fifth-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization and the second-largest stablecoin behind Tether’s USDT. The token traded at $0.9999, in line with its dollar peg.
Circle has built out its regulated footprint over the past decade. It received a BitLicense from the New York Department of Financial Services in 2015, became the first global stablecoin issuer to comply with the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets framework in 2024, and secured a license from Abu Dhabi Global Market’s Financial Services Regulatory Authority in 2025. The company also holds licenses in the U.K., Singapore and Bermuda.
Getting licensed under the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) framework is only the beginning for crypto custodians, as regulators turn their attention from authorization to operational resilience.
The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) on Wednesday launched a Common Supervisory Action (CSA) to examine the operational resilience of crypto asset service providers (CASPs), placing custody services at the center of the review.
“The signal is quite clear: for custodians, a licence is the start line, not the finish,” Sebastien Dessimoz, co-founder and managing partner at digital asset infrastructure firm Taurus, told Cointelegraph.
The review comes shortly after MiCA’s transitional period expired, marking one of the first major supervisory exercises under the EU’s new crypto framework.
From claiming security to proving it
The ESMA told Cointelegraph that the CSA will apply to a sample of authorized CASPs under MiCA. The review will assess the maturity of CASPs’ digital operational resilience frameworks for custody activities, focusing on risks including key and storage management, transaction controls, incident response and dependencies on third-party providers.
According to industry executives, the action marks a significant shift in Europe’s crypto market, where custody providers are increasingly expected to demonstrate, not simply claim, that their operational controls can withstand real-world risks.
“The shift I expect is from asserting security to evidencing it,” Dessimoz said. “This is a healthy development,” he noted, adding that digital assets are moving deeper into regulated financial infrastructure, and that requires the same security, accountability and resilience institutions expect in traditional markets.
Related: StanChart features in ESMA’s first MiCA register update since deadline
Jody Mettler, chief operating officer of BitGo and president of BitGo Trust, told Cointelegraph that institutional clients have already been asking more detailed questions about how custody providers segregate assets, manage access controls, respond to incidents and maintain business continuity during periods of market stress.
“The signal is that regulators are looking more closely at the operational standards behind digital asset services, not just whether firms are licensed,” she added.
Markus Levin, co-founder of blockchain infrastructure company XYO, said obtaining a MiCA authorization and demonstrating operational resilience are “two different tests,” adding that CASPs able to prove robust controls before regulators complete their review could gain an advantage as institutional adoption grows.
MiCA meets DORA and the debate over centralized crypto supervision
Yuriy Brisov, a lawyer at Digital & Analogue Partners, said the review sits under two EU regulatory frameworks at once: the MiCA framework, which establishes custody obligations, and the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), which sets technology risk requirements for financial firms.
“Custody technology is concentrated in a handful of vendors, so one weak supplier can hit many firms at once,” the lawyer said, adding: “Proving resilience across that supply chain, under MiCA and DORA simultaneously, is the real challenge for CASPs.”
Source: Digital Operational Resilience Act
According to Brisov, the review could set a benchmark for how regulators assess MiCA-authorized custodians and influence discussions around a more centralized approach to crypto supervision in the EU.
“The findings will feed into two live debates: the review of MiCA and the proposal to move supervision of all CASPs from national regulators to ESMA,” he said.
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